{"id":20661,"date":"2019-10-26T02:20:40","date_gmt":"2019-10-26T00:20:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/landioustravel.com\/?page_id=20661"},"modified":"2019-10-26T02:50:23","modified_gmt":"2019-10-26T00:50:23","slug":"chram-hatsepsut","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/landioustravel.com\/cs\/egypt\/egyptske-chramy\/chram-hatsepsut\/","title":{"rendered":"Chr\u00e1m Hat\u0161epsut"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Pam\u00e1tn\u00edk chr\u00e1mu kr\u00e1lovny Hat\u0161epsut v Deir El Bahri je jedn\u00edm z nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch chr\u00e1m\u016f v Egypt\u011b. Nach\u00e1z\u00ed se na z\u00e1padn\u00edm b\u0159ehu \u0159eky Nilu v Luxoru, v provincii Luxor. Je to polo-skaln\u00ed vy\u0159ez\u00e1van\u00fd chr\u00e1m. Tento aspekt byl v t\u00e9 dob\u011b neobvykl\u00fd. Vskutku. chr\u00e1m kr\u00e1lovny Hat\u0161epsut se stal skute\u010dn\u00fdm technick\u00fdm z\u00e1zrakem starod\u00e1vn\u00fdch stavitel\u016f. Nyn\u00ed to pova\u017eujeme za jednu z nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00edch struktur staroegyptsk\u00e9 architektury.<\/amp-fit-text><\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u011bjiny<\/h2><\/amp-fit-text>\n\n\n\n

Stavba poh\u0159ebn\u00edho chr\u00e1mu za\u010dala b\u011bhem \u017eivota Hat\u0161epsuta. Soudn\u00ed architekt, Senmut, postavil tento \u00fa\u017easn\u00fd chr\u00e1m. Za zm\u00ednku stoj\u00ed, \u017ee tento architekt pro sebe p\u0159ipravil tajnou hrobku a sv\u016fj portr\u00e9t nechal v jednom z tajn\u00fdch roh\u016f tohoto chr\u00e1mu.<\/amp-fit-text><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hat\u0161epsut\u016fv chr\u00e1m byl nalezen vedle chr\u00e1mu faraona Mentuhotepa I. Mimochodem, Mentuhotep byl p\u0159edkem faraon\u016f XVIII. Dynastie. Oblast, ve kter\u00e9 se nach\u00e1z\u00ed chr\u00e1m Hat\u0161epsut, m\u00e1 arabsk\u00e9 jm\u00e9no _ Deir el-Bahri. Sv\u00fdm obrovsk\u00fdm rozm\u011brem a mno\u017estv\u00edm ozdobn\u00fdch ozdob tento chr\u00e1m p\u0159ekonal v\u0161echny ostatn\u00ed podobn\u00e9 struktury starov\u011bk\u00e9ho Egypta. V\u00fdrazn\u011b vynik\u00e1 s v\u00fdhledem na chr\u00e1my starov\u011bk\u00e9ho Egypta.<\/amp-fit-text><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Struktura chr\u00e1mu Hat\u0161epsut<\/h2><\/amp-fit-text>\n\n\n\n

Chr\u00e1m kr\u00e1lovny Hat\u0161epsut je pova\u017eov\u00e1n za polo-rockov\u00fd. Jeho p\u0159\u00edzemn\u00ed pokoje jsou v n\u011bm spojeny se svatyn\u00ed, vytesanou do skal. Chr\u00e1m se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 ze t\u0159\u00ed terasov\u00fdch schod\u016f, kter\u00e9 se ty\u010d\u00ed nad sebou a jsou spojeny jemn\u00fdmi schodov\u00fdmi rampami.<\/amp-fit-text><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doln\u00ed terasa chr\u00e1mu<\/h2><\/amp-fit-text>\n\n\n\n

Doln\u00ed terasa, kter\u00e1 slou\u017e\u00ed jako centr\u00e1ln\u00ed n\u00e1dvo\u0159\u00ed, je obklopena zd\u00ed zdobenou kamenn\u00fdmi sochami sokola. Od z\u00e1padu je n\u00e1dvo\u0159\u00ed uzav\u0159eno 22 sloupov\u00fdm portikem, uprost\u0159ed uprost\u0159ed rozd\u011blen\u00fdm schodi\u0161t\u011bm. Byl or\u00e1mov\u00e1n monument\u00e1ln\u00edmi postavami lv\u016f a po stran\u00e1ch portik\u00e1lu stoj\u00ed kolos\u00e1ln\u00ed 8m vysok\u00e9 postavy kr\u00e1lovny Hat\u0161epsut. Tyto sochy maj\u00ed tvar boha Osirise. Portikus je vyzdoben malovan\u00fdmi reli\u00e9fy zobrazuj\u00edc\u00edmi kr\u00e1lovnu Hat\u0161epsut, po\u0161lap\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed na nep\u0159\u00e1tele a ob\u011btuj\u00edc\u00ed boha Amunovi. Zde m\u016f\u017eete vid\u011bt sc\u00e9ny vojensk\u00fdch p\u0159ehl\u00eddek, \u0159et\u011bz otrok\u016f a epizody stavebn\u00edch prac\u00ed.<\/amp-fit-text><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Druh\u00e1 terasa chr\u00e1mu<\/h2><\/amp-fit-text>\n\n\n\n

Schodi\u0161t\u011b, kter\u00e9 proch\u00e1z\u00ed portikem, vede na druhou terasu. Kdysi uprost\u0159ed byl um\u011bl\u00fd rybn\u00edk obklopen\u00fd stromy. Z\u00e1padn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st terasy je tak\u00e9 vyzdobena portikem s \u010dty\u0159bok\u00fdmi monolitick\u00fdmi sloupy, rozebran\u00fdmi schodi\u0161t\u011bm a slou\u017e\u00edc\u00edm jako z\u00e1klad pro t\u0159et\u00ed horn\u00ed terasu. Na zdech portik\u00e1lu jsou zachov\u00e1ny reli\u00e9fn\u00ed kompozice v\u011bnovan\u00e9 \u017eivotu kr\u00e1lovny Hat\u0161epsut. Zde se matka budouc\u00edho vl\u00e1dce Egypta, kr\u00e1lovna Ahmes, provdala za boha Amun-Ra.<\/amp-fit-text><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pak jsou sc\u00e9ny narozen\u00ed Hat\u0161epsuta z tohoto \u201ebo\u017esk\u00e9ho\u201c man\u017eelstv\u00ed, jej\u00ed korunovace, p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed po\u017eehn\u00e1n\u00ed od bohyn\u011b Hathor atd. Na opa\u010dn\u00e9m konci terasy jsou reli\u00e9fy zobrazuj\u00edc\u00ed v\u00fdpravu, kterou kr\u00e1lovna poslala do legend\u00e1rn\u00ed zem\u011b Punt a p\u0159iv\u00e9st zp\u011bt mnoho \u0161perk\u016f a vz\u00e1cn\u00fdch rostlin. Podle v\u011bt\u0161iny v\u011bdc\u016f by zem\u011b Punt m\u011bla b\u00fdt ch\u00e1p\u00e1na jako v\u00fdchodn\u00ed pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed Afriky. Pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b stejn\u00e1 zem\u011b byla ve starov\u011bku zn\u00e1ma obyvatel\u016fm St\u0159edn\u00edho v\u00fdchodu pod jm\u00e9nem Ophir. Reli\u00e9fy zobrazuj\u00ed opice, pantery, \u017eirafy, chaty na ch\u016fd\u00e1ch – typicky africk\u00e9 sc\u00e9ny.<\/amp-fit-text><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Horn\u00ed terasa chr\u00e1mu<\/h2><\/amp-fit-text>\n\n\n\n

Schodi\u0161t\u011b vedouc\u00ed na horn\u00ed terasu je zdobeno sochami ob\u0159\u00edch kobr\u016f, na zadn\u00ed stran\u011b ka\u017ed\u00e9ho z nich je sokol. Jedn\u00e1 se o heraldick\u00e9 postavy symbolizuj\u00edc\u00ed Horn\u00ed (kobra) a Doln\u00ed (falcon) Egypt a cel\u00e1 kompozice m\u00e1 zt\u011blesnit egyptskou jednotu. \u017deb\u0159\u00edk je or\u00e1mov\u00e1n p\u00e1rem sfing, vy\u0159ez\u00e1van\u00fdm z \u010derven\u00e9 \u017euly Aswan.<\/amp-fit-text><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Horn\u00ed terasa byla ur\u010dena pro hlavn\u00ed chr\u00e1mov\u00e9 ritu\u00e1ly. Tady se vstup do svatyn\u011b Hat\u0161epsut vy\u0159ezal do skal. Fas\u00e1da svatyn\u011b je portikus se \u010dty\u0159strann\u00fdmi sloupy, p\u0159ed nimi\u017e kdysi st\u00e1l monument\u00e1ln\u00ed socha kr\u00e1lovny. Tyto obrovsk\u00e9 sochy byly vid\u011bt daleko od lod\u00ed pluj\u00edc\u00edch po Nilu. Cel\u00e1 terasa byla obklopena sloupy. Tady bylo n\u011bkolik mal\u00fdch kaple kostel\u016f. Svatyn\u011b bohyn\u011b Hathor, patronky kr\u00e1lovny Hat\u0161epsut, byla um\u00edst\u011bna v ji\u017en\u00edm k\u0159\u00eddle portiku.<\/amp-fit-text><\/p>\n\n\n\n

V hlubin\u00e1ch za kolon\u00e1dou portika se otev\u00edr\u00e1 tajemn\u00fd labyrint podzemn\u00edch chodeb vytesan\u00fdch do skal. Podlahy chodeb byly oblo\u017eeny zlat\u00fdmi a st\u0159\u00edbrn\u00fdmi deskami, cedrov\u00e9 dve\u0159e vykl\u00e1dan\u00e9 bronzem, st\u011bny zdoben\u00e9 fas\u00e1dn\u00edmi sloupy a oblouky byly pokryty z\u00e1\u0159iv\u011b malovan\u00fdmi reli\u00e9fy. Vstup do hlavn\u00ed haly byl or\u00e1mov\u00e1n t\u0159\u00edmetrov\u00fdmi sochami kr\u00e1lovny Hat\u0161epsut v podob\u011b boha Osirise a jeho dve\u0159e byly vyrobeny z \u201e\u010dern\u00e9 m\u011bdi\u201c vykl\u00e1dan\u00e9 elektrodou (slitina zlata se st\u0159\u00edbrem).<\/amp-fit-text><\/p>\n\n\n\n

V hlavn\u00ed hale podzemn\u00ed svatyn\u011b byla obrovsk\u00e1 mramorov\u00e1 socha kr\u00e1lovny. Bohu\u017eel z toho p\u0159e\u017eily jen fragmenty. V chr\u00e1mu bylo celkem v\u00edce ne\u017e dv\u011b st\u011b soch, z toho 140 sfing. Sochy z chr\u00e1mu Hat\u0161epsut jsou nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi p\u0159\u00edklady staroegyptsk\u00e9ho um\u011bn\u00ed dynastie XVIII. Vyobrazuj\u00ed kr\u00e1lovnu Hat\u0161epsut ve t\u0159ech podob\u00e1ch: ve form\u011b faraona, ve form\u011b boha Osirise a ve tvaru sfingy. Tyto portr\u00e9ty p\u0159inesly do dne\u0161n\u00edch dn\u016f vzhled starov\u011bk\u00e9ho vl\u00e1dce: obli\u010dejov\u00fd ov\u00e1l z\u00fa\u017een\u00fd na brad\u011b, mal\u00e1 \u00fasta, mandlovit\u00e9 o\u010di pod \u0161irok\u00fdmi oblouky obo\u010d\u00ed, linie o\u010dn\u00edch v\u00ed\u010dek pomoc\u00ed make-upu byly roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159eny do chr\u00e1m\u016f.<\/amp-fit-text><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Na v\u0161ech soch\u00e1ch se socha\u0159i sna\u017eili p\u0159esn\u011b vystihovat podobnost portr\u00e9t\u016f, ale pokud byly velk\u00e9 sochy (vysok\u00e9 8 a 5 m), kter\u00e9 byly sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed vn\u011bj\u0161ku chr\u00e1mu, nast\u00edn\u011bny byly pouze obecn\u00e9 podobnosti a byly reprodukov\u00e1ny pouze nejcharakteristi\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed rysy , sochy z hlavn\u00ed svatyn\u011b, kter\u00e9 m\u011bly kultovn\u00ed charakter, byly vyrobeny jako prvn\u00ed velc\u00ed mist\u0159i a velmi tenk\u00fdm a m\u011bkk\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem znovu vytvo\u0159ili portr\u00e9tn\u00ed podobu kr\u00e1lovny.<\/amp-fit-text><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chr\u00e1m po smrti Hat\u0161epsuta<\/h2><\/amp-fit-text>\n\n\n\n

Luxusn\u00ed v\u00fdzdoba chr\u00e1mu kr\u00e1lovny Hat\u0161epsut netrvala dlouho. Po smrti kr\u00e1lovny legitimn\u00ed d\u011bdic Thutmose III, kter\u00fd vystoupil na tr\u016fn, nejprve na\u0159\u00eddil zni\u010dit v\u0161echny obrazy sv\u00e9ho p\u0159edch\u016fdce po cel\u00e9 zemi a vymazat jeho n\u00e1pisy, kde bylo uvedeno jej\u00ed jm\u00e9no. V\u0161echny sochy chr\u00e1mu byly rozbity a poh\u0159beny pobl\u00ed\u017e, kde o mnoho stolet\u00ed pozd\u011bji byly objeveny archeology.<\/amp-fit-text><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Pam\u00e1tn\u00edk chr\u00e1mu kr\u00e1lovny Hat\u0161epsut v Deir El Bahri je jedn\u00edm z nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch chr\u00e1m\u016f v Egypt\u011b. Nach\u00e1z\u00ed se na z\u00e1padn\u00edm b\u0159ehu \u0159eky Nilu v Luxoru, v provincii Luxor. Je to polo-skaln\u00ed vy\u0159ez\u00e1van\u00fd chr\u00e1m. Tento aspekt byl v t\u00e9 dob\u011b neobvykl\u00fd. Vskutku. chr\u00e1m kr\u00e1lovny Hat\u0161epsut se stal skute\u010dn\u00fdm technick\u00fdm z\u00e1zrakem starod\u00e1vn\u00fdch stavitel\u016f. Nyn\u00ed to pova\u017eujeme za jednu […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":20664,"parent":18960,"menu_order":2,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"wpai_generated_summary":"","_wpcom_ai_launchpad_about_page":false,"_wpcom_ai_launchpad_gallery_page":false,"_wpcom_ai_launchpad_contact_page":false,"_wpcom_ai_launchpad_events_page":false,"_wpcom_ai_launchpad_video_page":false,"_wpcom_ai_launchpad_portfolio_piece":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-20661","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\nChr\u00e1m Hat\u0161epsut<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Pam\u00e1tn\u00edk chr\u00e1mu kr\u00e1lovny Hat\u0161epsut v Deir El Bahri je jedn\u00edm z nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch chr\u00e1m\u016f v Egypt\u011b. 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