{"id":35590,"date":"2021-08-16T04:47:27","date_gmt":"2021-08-16T02:47:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/landioustravel.com\/?page_id=35590"},"modified":"2021-08-16T04:49:03","modified_gmt":"2021-08-16T02:49:03","slug":"ramesse-ii","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/landioustravel.com\/cs\/egypt\/faraoni-egypta\/ramesse-ii\/","title":{"rendered":"Ramesse II."},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Ramesse II. je t\u0159et\u00edm kr\u00e1lem devaten\u00e1ct\u00e9 dynastie starov\u011bk\u00e9ho Egypta<\/a>. Jeho vl\u00e1da byla druhou nejdel\u0161\u00ed v egyptsk\u00e9 historii v letech 1279\u20131213 p\u0159. N. L. Historici pova\u017euj\u00ed tohoto faraona za nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edho, nejslavn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho a nejmocn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho z Nov\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e. Nov\u00e1 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e byla jist\u011b nejmocn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm obdob\u00edm ve starov\u011bk\u00e9m Egypt\u011b. Po smrti Ramsese II ho jeho n\u00e1stupci a pozd\u011bji Egyp\u0165an\u00e9 naz\u00fdvali \u201evelk\u00fdm p\u0159edkem\u201c. Krom\u011b v\u00e1lek s Chetity a Libyjci byl Ramesse II. velk\u00fdm reform\u00e1torem. D\u00edla tohoto faraona nepochybn\u011b siln\u011b odkazuj\u00ed na jeho velikost. Vlo\u017eil rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 stavebn\u00ed strategie a zalo\u017eil mnoho chr\u00e1m\u016f<\/a> a kolos\u00e1ln\u00edch soch po cel\u00e9m Egypt\u011b<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bitvy veden\u00e9 Ramesse II.<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Ramesse II. je slavn\u00fd egyptsk\u00fd faraon z XIX. Dynastie a syn faraona Seti I. B\u011bhem prvn\u00edch p\u011bti let sv\u00e9 vl\u00e1dy se v\u011bnoval p\u0159\u00edprav\u011b Egypta na velkou v\u00e1lku v Asii. Tento \u010das v\u011bnoval zejm\u00e9na centralizaci a podrobov\u00e1n\u00ed chr\u00e1mov\u00e9ho bohatstv\u00ed pod svou kontrolu. V roce 1286 p\u0159. N. L. Zah\u00e1jil kampa\u0148 ve F\u00e9nicii a p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00ed rok se p\u0159esunul k je\u0161t\u011b v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed kampani. B\u00e1se\u0148 p\u00edsa\u0159e Pentaury podrobn\u011b popisuje tuto kampa\u0148.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bitvy s Chetity<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ramesse II. se rozhodl dob\u00fdt pevnost Kadesh. Do t\u00e9 doby ho jeho poradci a \u0161pioni informovali, \u017ee vojska nep\u0159\u00edtele Egyp\u0165an\u016f, chetitsk\u00e9ho kr\u00e1le Muwatalliho II., Se usadila severn\u011b od Kade\u0161e. Krom\u011b toho ho ujistili, \u017ee se k n\u011bmu chetitsk\u00fd kr\u00e1l ob\u00e1v\u00e1. Faraon, kter\u00fd tomu v\u011b\u0159il, p\u0159e\u0161el na prav\u00fd b\u0159eh Orontes, kde st\u00e1la pevnost, pouze se jedn\u00edm ze \u010dty\u0159 sloup\u016f jeho arm\u00e1dy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hlavn\u00ed s\u00edly Chetit\u016f v\u0161ak byly v K\u00e1de\u0161i. V d\u016fsledku toho, kdy\u017e druh\u00fd egyptsk\u00fd sloupec za\u010dal p\u0159ekra\u010dovat \u0159eku, chetitsk\u00e1 arm\u00e1da ho p\u0159ekvapiv\u011b p\u0159itahovala. Starov\u011bk\u00e9 egyptsk\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy to bezpochyby nemohly o\u010dek\u00e1vat. Nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00e9 s\u00edly nav\u00edc obkl\u00ed\u010dily faraona Ramsesa II., Ale ze zajet\u00ed unikl jen d\u00edky sv\u00e9 odvaze a v\u010dasn\u00e9mu p\u0159\u00edstupu posil. Na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b Chetit\u00e9 utrp\u011bli obrovsk\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty a Egyp\u0165an\u00e9 zv\u00edt\u011bzili. P\u0159esto m\u011bli Chetit\u00e9 v K\u00e1de\u0161i velk\u00e9 s\u00edly, kter\u00e9 Ramesse nikdy nedok\u00e1zal p\u0159evz\u00edt. Kampa\u0148 z roku 1285 skon\u010dila \u00fastupem Egyp\u0165an\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed p\u0159i\u0161li o ji\u017en\u00ed S\u00fdrii.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Do konce roku 1270 p\u0159. N. L. Ramesse II. bojoval v Palestin\u011b, ji\u017en\u00ed S\u00fdrii a F\u00e9nicii. Vlekl\u00e1 v\u00e1lka za\u010dala t\u00ed\u017eit Chetity, kte\u0159\u00ed bojovali na jin\u00fdch front\u00e1ch: o kontrolu nad z\u00e1padn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed Mal\u00e9 Asie a tak\u00e9 s As\u00fdri\u00ed o vliv v severoz\u00e1padn\u00ed Mezopot\u00e1mii.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stavebn\u00ed \u010dinnost a Pam\u00e1tky Ramesse II.<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Ramesse II. vybudoval rozs\u00e1hle n\u011bkolik pam\u00e1tek po cel\u00e9m Egypt\u011b a N\u00fabii. Dokonce sv\u00e9 kartu\u0161e vyryl n\u00e1padn\u011b do budov, kter\u00e9 nestav\u011bl. Sv\u00e9 jm\u00e9no vystavil na k\u00e1men, sochy a poz\u016fstatky pal\u00e1c\u016f a chr\u00e1m\u016f. Nejpozoruhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je, \u017ee nechal sv\u00e9 ostatky v Ramesseum<\/a> v z\u00e1padn\u00edch Th\u00e9b\u00e1ch a skaln\u00edch chr\u00e1mech Abu Simbel<\/a>. Nep\u0159eh\u00e1n\u011bme, kdy\u017e \u0159\u00edk\u00e1me, \u017ee tento faraon pokryl pozemky od Delty po N\u00fabii budovami takov\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem, jak\u00fd p\u0159ed n\u00edm \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd panovn\u00edk nem\u011bl. Za sv\u00e9 vl\u00e1dy tak\u00e9 zalo\u017eil nov\u00e9 hlavn\u00ed m\u011bsto v Delt\u011b, zvan\u00e9 Pi-Ramesses. Toto m\u011bsto d\u0159\u00edve slou\u017eilo jako letn\u00ed pal\u00e1c za vl\u00e1dy Seti I.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chr\u00e1m Ramesseum<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

V\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fd faraon Ramses II postavil chr\u00e1m Ramesseum<\/a> b\u011bhem sv\u00e9 vl\u00e1dy ve 13. stolet\u00ed p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem. Je sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed th\u00e9bsk\u00e9 nekropole v Horn\u00edm Egypt\u011b, pobl\u00ed\u017e modern\u00edho m\u011bsta Luxor<\/a>. Chr\u00e1m je poh\u0159ebn\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pam\u00e1tn\u00edk Ramesseum byl jen za\u010d\u00e1tek faraonovy posedlosti budovou. Kdy\u017e stav\u011bl, stav\u011bl v m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku na rozd\u00edl od t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 \u010dehokoli p\u0159edt\u00edm. Ve t\u0159et\u00edm roce sv\u00e9 vl\u00e1dy zah\u00e1jil Ramesses po pyramid\u00e1ch v G\u00edze nejambici\u00f3zn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed stavebn\u00ed projekt. V Th\u00e9b\u00e1ch m\u011bl za c\u00edl prom\u011bnit starov\u011bk\u00e9 chr\u00e1my tak, aby ka\u017ed\u00fd z nich odr\u00e1\u017eel \u010dest Ramesse jako symbol jeho domn\u011bl\u00e9 bo\u017esk\u00e9 podstaty a moci. Ramesses se rozhodl sv\u00e9 jm\u00e9no v\u011b\u010dn\u011b vytesat do kamene, a proto na\u0159\u00eddil zm\u011bny metod pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch jeho zedn\u00edky. Snadno prom\u011bnil elegantn\u00ed, ale m\u011blk\u00e9 reli\u00e9fy p\u0159edchoz\u00edch faraon\u016f<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V sou\u010dasnosti p\u0159e\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 jen mal\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st t\u00e9to historick\u00e9 struktury. Archeologov\u00e9 v\u0161ak nep\u0159est\u00e1vaj\u00ed vykop\u00e1vat a zji\u0161\u0165uj\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed a dal\u0161\u00ed skute\u010dnosti, kter\u00e9 spojuj\u00ed tento chr\u00e1m s histori\u00ed starov\u011bk\u00e9ho Egypta. Chr\u00e1m le\u017e\u00ed v ruin\u00e1ch, ale ukazuje, \u017ee i z t\u011bchto ruin to byla majest\u00e1tn\u00ed stavba. Architektura je identick\u00e1 s konstrukc\u00ed Medinet Habu<\/a>, ale rozm\u011bry jsou mnohem v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chr\u00e1my Ab\u00fa Simbel<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Chr\u00e1my Ab\u00fa Simbel jsou nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00edm skaln\u00edm chr\u00e1mem v Egypt\u011b. Tyto chr\u00e1my existuj\u00ed pobl\u00ed\u017e modern\u00ed vesnice Abu Simbel, na druh\u00e9m nilsk\u00e9m kataraktu. Jin\u00fdmi slovy, le\u017e\u00ed na hranici mezi Doln\u00ed a Horn\u00ed N\u00fabi\u00ed. Jsou dva: Velk\u00fd chr\u00e1m pat\u0159\u00ed Ramsesovi II., Zat\u00edmco Mal\u00fd chr\u00e1m zasv\u011btil sv\u00e9 man\u017eelce, kr\u00e1lovn\u011b Amun-her-Khepeshef.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ramesses postavil mnoho velk\u00fdch pam\u00e1tek, v\u010detn\u011b archeologick\u00e9ho komplexu Abu Simbel a z\u00e1du\u0161n\u00edho chr\u00e1mu zn\u00e1m\u00e9ho jako Ramesseum. Tento kr\u00e1l stav\u011bl v monument\u00e1ln\u00edm m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku, aby zajistil, \u017ee jeho odkaz p\u0159e\u017eije zub \u010dasu. Ramesses pou\u017e\u00edval um\u011bn\u00ed jako prost\u0159edek propagandy pro sv\u00e1 v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed nad cizinci, kter\u00e1 jsou zobrazena na mnoha chr\u00e1mov\u00fdch reli\u00e9fech. Faraon Ramesses II postavil v\u00edce sv\u00fdch kolos\u00e1ln\u00edch soch ne\u017e kter\u00fdkoli jin\u00fd faraon. A tak\u00e9 uzurpoval mnoho st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edch soch t\u00edm, \u017ee na n\u011b vepsal jeho kartu\u0161.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pi-Ramesses<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ramesse II p\u0159esunul hlavn\u00ed m\u011bsto sv\u00e9ho kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed z Th\u00e9b v \u00fadol\u00ed Nilu na nov\u00e9 m\u00edsto ve v\u00fdchodn\u00ed delt\u011b. A\u010dkoli si mo\u017en\u00e1 p\u0159\u00e1l b\u00fdt bl\u00ed\u017ee sv\u00fdm \u00fazem\u00edm v Kana\u00e1nu a S\u00fdrii, jeho motivy jsou nejist\u00e9. V tomto nov\u00e9m m\u011bst\u011b dominovalo nov\u00e9 m\u011bsto Pi-Ramesses Aa-nakhtu, co\u017e znamen\u00e1 chr\u00e1my \u201eDom\u00e9na Ramesse, Velk\u00e1 ve v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed\u201c a jeho rozs\u00e1hl\u00fd prezidentsk\u00fd pal\u00e1c se zoo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Na n\u011bjak\u00fd \u010das, na po\u010d\u00e1tku 20. stolet\u00ed, bylo m\u00edsto nespr\u00e1vn\u011b identifikov\u00e1no jako Tanis, kv\u016fli mno\u017estv\u00ed soch a dal\u0161\u00edho materi\u00e1lu z Pi-Ramesses, kter\u00fd se tam na\u0161el. Nyn\u00ed se uzn\u00e1v\u00e1, \u017ee poz\u016fstatky Ramesside v Tanisu tam byly p\u0159ivezeny odjinud a skute\u010dn\u00fd Pi-Ramesses le\u017e\u00ed asi 30 km ji\u017en\u011b, pobl\u00ed\u017e modern\u00edho Qantiru<\/a>. Kolos\u00e1ln\u00ed zlomky sochy Ramesse jsou t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u0161e, co dnes z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 nad zem\u00ed. Zbytek je poh\u0159ben v pol\u00edch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jak zem\u0159el Ramesse II?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

V dob\u011b sv\u00e9 smrti byl Ramses velk\u00fdm v\u016fdcem a mocn\u00fdm kr\u00e1lem, kter\u00fd z\u00edskal celosv\u011btov\u00e9 uzn\u00e1n\u00ed za roz\u0161i\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed a udr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed egyptsk\u00e9ho kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed. Ve v\u011bku asi 90 let trp\u011bl Ramses v\u00e1\u017en\u00fdmi zubn\u00edmi probl\u00e9my a tr\u00e1pila ho artritida a kornat\u011bn\u00ed tepen. Egypt zbohatl na v\u0161ech z\u00e1sob\u00e1ch a odm\u011bn\u00e1ch, kter\u00e9 nasb\u00edral z jin\u00fdch \u0159\u00ed\u0161\u00ed. P\u0159e\u017eil mnoho sv\u00fdch man\u017eelek a d\u011bt\u00ed a zanechal po cel\u00e9m Egypt\u011b velk\u00e9 pam\u00e1tn\u00edky. Dev\u011bt dal\u0161\u00edch faraon\u016f neslo na jeho po\u010dest jm\u00e9no Ramses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kr\u00e1l Ramses II byl poprv\u00e9 poh\u0159ben v \u00dadol\u00ed kr\u00e1l\u016f na z\u00e1padn\u00edm b\u0159ehu Th\u00e9b, v hrobce \u010d. KV7. Ramses m\u011bl obrovskou hrobku s velkolepou poh\u0159ebn\u00ed komorou.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V ur\u010dit\u00e9m \u010dase starov\u011bc\u00ed Egyp\u0165an\u00e9 ukryli mumii Ramses II na nezn\u00e1m\u00e9m m\u00edst\u011b, aby byla mumie v bezpe\u010d\u00ed p\u0159ed kr\u00e1de\u017e\u00ed. Zlod\u011bji v\u0161ak znovu objevili mumii Ramses II v roce 1881. Bylo to v tajn\u00e9 kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9 ke\u0161i v Deir el-Bahri<\/a>. Pozd\u011bji v roce 1885 byla mumie tohoto velk\u00e9ho faraona um\u00edst\u011bna v Egyptsk\u00e9m muzeu<\/a> v K\u00e1hi\u0159e<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ramesse II. je t\u0159et\u00edm kr\u00e1lem devaten\u00e1ct\u00e9 dynastie starov\u011bk\u00e9ho Egypta. Jeho vl\u00e1da byla druhou nejdel\u0161\u00ed v egyptsk\u00e9 historii v letech 1279\u20131213 p\u0159. N. L. Historici pova\u017euj\u00ed tohoto faraona za nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edho, nejslavn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho a nejmocn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho z Nov\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e. Nov\u00e1 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e byla jist\u011b nejmocn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm obdob\u00edm ve starov\u011bk\u00e9m Egypt\u011b. Po smrti Ramsese II ho jeho n\u00e1stupci a pozd\u011bji Egyp\u0165an\u00e9 naz\u00fdvali […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":33107,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"wpai_generated_summary":"","_wpcom_ai_launchpad_about_page":false,"_wpcom_ai_launchpad_gallery_page":false,"_wpcom_ai_launchpad_contact_page":false,"_wpcom_ai_launchpad_events_page":false,"_wpcom_ai_launchpad_video_page":false,"_wpcom_ai_launchpad_portfolio_piece":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-35590","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\nRamesse II. - Informace o vl\u00e1d\u011b a \u00fasp\u011b\u0161\u00edch- Landious Travel<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Ramesse II. je t\u0159et\u00edm kr\u00e1lem devaten\u00e1ct\u00e9 dynastie starov\u011bk\u00e9ho Egypta. 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